The Yellow Wallpaper And The Fall Of The House Of Usher

Women have a profound role in not only the society, but in all facets of culture. Their impact can be seen/felt in music, fashion, and even literature. After reading the short stories from the last few weeks, it has become more apparent that women truly encompass a definite role as well in gothic fiction. As a result, this paper will seek to analyze and define the roles of women in two (2) prominent gothic fiction pieces: â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Many women in gothic fiction suffer from suppression primarily from men either those in their lives, or at the hands of dominant men in the society, who typically hold the power. Perkins-Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow†¦show more content†¦Though the narrator hopes for a life absent of solitude, she seems to acquiesce her position and take her current sentence of servitude as her lot in life. She does, however, wish for a more exciting, appealing life. She questions herself several times within the story almost rhetorically asking, And what can one do? ,What is one to do?, and But what is one to do? She knows what she wants to do, but knows that it will never be possible for her to do. Though written by a male author, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† also represents an important role for women, which in many ways contrasts that of the women in the aforementioned story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† In Edgar Allen Poe’s work, there seems to be a dawning of the day/evolving role of women from that of servitude and oppression to one of liberation and enlightenment. Madeline Usher, sister to the main character, Roderick Usher, serves as the face of the evolving role of women. Instead of sitting back and allowing the men of the society, as well as her brother push her around, Madeline uses her power to seemingly give herself a seat at the table of control. She even forces Roderick to seemingly have to depend on her! Ultimately, Madeline brings down Roderick, the house of Usher, and ends the Usher bloodline. This opposing view of women is quite different from other gothic fiction short stories. She seems to reject the stereotypical role of womenS how MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The House Of Usher And The Yellow Wallpaper1908 Words   |  8 Pagesthis. In the short stories, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allen Poe, and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman, both represent Poe and Gilman’s mental illnesses within themselves. The two authors’ mental illnesses impacted their main characters and made them as if they were that person playing the part. Both Poe and Gilman suffered from two different types of depressions throughout their life. In the â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† Roderick Usher and his family suffer from an evilRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And The Fall Of The House Of Usher1328 Words   |  6 Pagesare still women in the world that believe in the â€Å"traditional way† and prefer to still wait on their husbands. Even make them some sandwiches! Some texts that specifically analyze women’s roles are â€Å"A Rose for Emily†,  "The Yellow Wallpaper†, and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Throughout these texts, someone can easily argue the role of women during that time. The role of women in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† are very different from the role of men due to their actions and what they believe in. When theRead Moreâ€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: A Comparison Introduction2266 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: A Comparison Introduction Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has received wide praise for its accurate depiction of madness and the symptoms attributed to mental breakdowns (Shumaker 1985).  Ã‚   While these symptoms may seem obvious from today’s psychological perspective, Gilman was writing at the close of the 19th century when the discipline of psychology was still emerging out of a rudimentary psychiatric approach to treatingRead MorePerception of Events in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Fall of the House of Usher934 Words   |  4 PagesPerception of Events in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Fall of the House of Usher When literature first began to take flight in America, many of the stories written were of the Gothic variety. American society, at the time, seemed to connect with fantasy and reality, therefore many early writers wrote in the Gothic style. Most of these Gothic stories feature characters whose perceptions of themselves and the world around them are abnormal due to drug use, being in a dream state, or simply justRead MoreWomen During The 18th Century1247 Words   |  5 Pagesnot always have equal rights. In the 18th century women were mainly defined by their family and household roles. The woman did not really have legal identity apart from their husbands. Women were look at as slaves because all they did was be at the house and satisfy their husbands in what they wanted. Men would have total control over his wife’s property. The woman also did not have the right to vote unlike men. Some things that women did not have the right of was to vote, own property, could not sitRe ad MoreStories2682 Words   |  11 PagesUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH FOR EXAMINATION IN JUNE AND NOVEMBER 2010, 2011 AND 2012 CONTENTS Introduction: How to use these notes 1. The Signalman Charles Dickens 2. The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman 3. How It Happened Arthur Conan Doyle 4. There Will Come Soft Rains Ray Bradbury 5. Meteor John Wyndham 6. The Lemon Orchard Alex la Guma 7. Secrets Bernard MacLaverty 8. The Taste of Watermelon Borden DealRead MoreAs English Short Stories Summary2723 Words   |  11 PagesSTUDY FROM STORIES OF OURSELVES: THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH FOR EXAMINATION IN JUNE AND NOVEMBER 2010, 2011 AND 2012 CONTENTS Introduction: How to use these notes 1. The Fall of the House of Usher Edgar Allen Poe 2. The Open Boat Stephen Crane 3. The Door in the Wall HG Wells 4. The People Before Maurice Shadbolt 5. A Horse and Two Goats RK Narayan 6. Journey Patricia Grace 7. To Da-Duh, In Memoriam Paule Marshall 8. Of White HairsRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"Dark Shadows† as a Gothic Masterpiece2169 Words   |  9 Pagesas murder, groans, blood, or even an apparition. Even today, there are video games that have these Gothic tropes. According to Kirkland, games such as Silent Hill have â€Å"gloomy settings with a sense of forthcoming violence, spaces such as a haunted house, tombs and prisons, the contaminating influence of family curses, and revenge-driven ghosts† (107). These tropes have endured across time due to their effect on the human mind. And this can be seen no more than in Burton’s film, the 2012 version, DarkRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesmanipulate their settings as a means of arousing the reader’s expectations and establishing an appropriate state of mind for events to come. No author is more adept in this respect that Edgar Allan Poe. In the following passage from The Fall of the House of Usher, the narra tor first enters Roderick Usher’s room. Notice how Poe not only provides the details of setting, but tells the reader just how to respond to them: The room in which I found myself was very large and lofty. The windows were long

The Slave Ship Always Comes Back Around in Morrison´s Beloved

Morrison’s Beloved uses characters in her story to show the long lasting effects of slavery. Characters such as Sethe, Denver, and Beloved all show a different point of view of the effects of slavery and what life it can conjure up for over protective mother, hermit like daughter, and the spiteful ghost. For instance, Paul D says to Sethe â€Å"Your love is too thick,† (164) which shows Paul D’s view of love not as liberal as Sethe’s , he believes even love has rules and restrictions. Using the word â€Å"too† exemplifies his expression of constraining love for it can hurt you. This maybe a male like slave mentality to not love anything too much or when it is gone you are susceptible to anything to happen. To Sethe love is something that cannot be†¦show more content†¦Denver was indeed broken down or missing a piece of her puzzle due to slavery , not only for what her mother did and how the community treated Denver after but also the absence of her father. â€Å" We should all be together. Me , him and Beloved.†(209) Fragmentation is a theme in this story and each character is fragmented in this quote , Denver is missing the love of a community that even Sethe got on Sweethome . Beloved is missing the love of a mother that brought her bac k in physical form. Halle , half a name short of a blessing was missing his family . Denver lived her life barely leaving the house in hope her dad would come rescue her. To bring her back whole for she is broken down into pieces from the institution that only beat and raped her mom , in which she feels too emotionally. Dearly Beloved , at least what her tombstone should have read , well there would not have been a tombstone at all if school teacher did not come back for Sethe. Beloved is the only character not directly involved in slavery who is not only broken but physically destroyed by slavery. â€Å" I stopped him† (164) The words said from Sethe To Paul D. Although Sethe stopped the school teacher she started up Beloved. Beloved started haunting the house right away which was the same which caused Sethe’s children to run away. â€Å"†¦Howard and Buglar, had run away by the time they were thirteen years old—as soon as merely looking in a mirror shatte red it (thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s The Book And The Conference2009 Words   |  9 Pagestheir speeches slavery and slave trade, known as the Middle Passage. People of African descent struggled and still struggle all over the world, fighting for their rights and against racism. Coincidentally, prior to the conference, I ve finished re-reading Toni Morrison Beloved. Morrison,who won the Nobel prize for this book, directly addresses the issue of slavery and slave crossing in her novel; the book and the conference inspired me to write on this topic. Beloved is not only a title of the storyRead MoreBeloved Essay, Toni Morrison2111 Words   |  9 PagesMcLean April 22, 2014 ENGL 112.003 African-American Communities in Beloved Thesis: Toni Morrison focuses on negative impact of slavery on the well-being of  African American communities throughout her novel Beloved by depicting the damage done, its effects on individual characters, and the renewal of community. 1. The enforcement of slavery has destroyed black communities and families 1. Families throughout Beloved were split due to slavery 2. The community of 124 abandons itsRead MoreBeloved: Analysis7215 Words   |  29 PagesFrom the beginning, Beloved focuses on the import of memory and history. Sethe struggles daily with the haunting legacy of slavery, in the form of her threatening memories and also in the form of her daughter s aggressive ghost. For Sethe, the present is mostly a struggle to beat back the past, because the memories of her daughter s death and the experiences at Sweet Home are too painful for her to recall consciously. But Sethe s repression is problematic, because the absence of history and memoryRead MoreBiography of Musician Lou Reed2503 Words   |  10 Pagesdecisive parts of my transition to adulthood and have followed me throughout my life, coming in and out like crashing waves. I have spent months listening solely to The Beatles in awe of their virtuosity, hoping it will transfer to me. When I moved home back from South Carolina at the end of this summer, I began to have a profound re-obsession with The Velvet Underground. It seems everyone has their story about how this band has influenced them, for me it was a few bars into Rock Roll. I listened asRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesthe Marriott School, Brigham Young University. He is widely published in strategy and business journals and was the fourth most cited management scholar from 1996–2006. is a professor of leadership at INSEAD. He consults to organizations around the world on innovation, globalization, and transformation and has published extensively in leading academic and business journals. is the Robert and Jane Cizik Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School and the architect

Marketing Strategy of Levi Strauss- A SWOT analysis †Free Sample

Question: Write a report about the Marketing Strategy of Levi Strauss? Answer: Executive Summary: The report contains a brief introduction on the topic followed by an introduction to the company profile, which would clear us regarding the brand value and products of the company, its industry image and image in the market. A SWOT analysis is done to understand the current market scenario and the challenges and opportunities that the company is facing in the market right now. There are various challenges threats and opportunities and the scope of growth is stiff as the market already has many players with same type of products and accessories. The various objectives for enhancing market growth, profit maximisation and sales volume has also been discussed. This study will give us a thorough understanding of the company and its various aspects. Introduction: Marketing strategies of a company are those strategies, which helps a company to maximize profit by achieving sales growth and a sustainable environment. This study aims at finding out the goals that aim at increasing sales volume, market share, and profit in the market. The current market situation will also be analysed keeping in mind the market, product, distribution, and competition. SWOT analysis has also been done to understand the current market scenario. The market strategies with reference to the 4p`s namely product, price, place, promotion has also been discussed. The product that will be discussed in the report is Levi`s Strauss jeans. Company profile: Levi`s Strauss is an American clothing company that is known worldwide for its Levi Strauss brand of Denim jeans. It was founded in the year 1853. Levi Strauss is world widely divided into three divisions. These divisions are in Europe, Middle East and Singapore. 10,500 employees are presently working for the company. The marketing strategies of the company mainly include television advertisements with old music recordings. The company has done well in the market and holds a good brand equity, the number of cult customers of the levi strauss jeans is very high among the young generation. Levi`s Strauss has a brand name which is very popular among the people who find it a fashion statement wearing the jeans. All the showrooms of levi strauss are very stylish and the ambience is that they can attract the youth easily. The study is done very meticulously to properly understand what are the factors that really affect the market space of levi strauss. The integrated marketing communicatio n of Levi Strauss will help to know the competition in the market and a proper marketing plan can be drawn out of it to know Market research through a SWOT analysis: Levi Strauss is a brand that has a big market to play in. There are various market competitors with almost same product line. In a market like this, the existence is very tough. In order to survive in the market the company has to come up with new marketing strategies to bring in new customers, new strategies that would switch the competitors customer`s to the levi strauss competitors. The SWOT analysis of the study would let us know the various internal and external strengths and weaknesses (Aldridge, 2005). Levi Strauss is a company which deals in with apparels and accessories in the retail sector with the tag line of quality never goes out of style. The company has its unique selling proposition of selling the oldest jeans with the newest style. It acclaims in the market of presenting the customers with the most stylish designs of jeans. The segment of customers that it handles is the upper segment and the middle segment of the society. The people with a cult to stylish product ar e its main buyers. The SWOT analysis of the company is given below: Strengths: 1. Strong brand name: The brand name of the company is so strong that people while buying stylish jeans and accessories consider going to the Levi`s Strauss outlets (Baines, Fill Page, 2008). The outlet always provides the customers with best of their stock and up to the level of the customer`s expectations.2. Master of the industry: The Company has its name in the market since 1853, which is one of the oldest so it is known as the master of the market with extensive knowledge of the market and various strategies that has made it a company that it is existing in the market for so long.3. Distribution channel and outsourcing: There are three huge divisions that the company has around the globe, Europe, Singapore, and Middle East. It has a huge distribution channel that provides the product all over the globe. In order to retain its entire distribution channel it has to come up with many sales and trade promotions. The sales and trade promotion helps it to retain in the market.4. 470 self-owned stores and 16000 employees: The Company has 470 stores of its own globally and has more than 16000 plus employees who works for the business. Having this huge number of employees and this many number of stores worldwide is a proof of the reputation of the company in the market. 16000 plus employees are the reason of its growth and Levi Strauss is known for its homely behaviour with its employees. Levi Strauss values its employees and because of which the turnover ratio is low (Breward, 2003). The employee retaining capacity of the company has made it to stand high in front of the competitors.5. Finance and access to international capital: Since the company has a huge good will and good reputation, its access to international capital is also huge. The financial support that the company gets from the market is brilliant. Access to finance in the market gives the company an edge over its competitors. The market is very volatile having strength like this is very commendable.6 . Retro popular songs: The advertising strategy of Levi Strauss depends on its believe of showing the most popular songs on its advertisements. They shoe the popular retro songs, which looks very stylish and makes the viewer perceive a very positive and at the same time very fashionable about the product.7. Many manufacturing plants: the company bears 60 manufacturing plants in the United States of America and 25 plants across the globe. The demand of the Levi Strauss jeans is high and so the number of plants worldwide is huge (Etzel, Walker Stanton, 2007). Weakness: 1. The company has high pressures from its competitors because of which it has to be always prepared to be defensive. The company has stiff competition in the market because of which it has to be very clear about its strategies. The company cannot afford to lose its customers to its competitors. 2. Huge pressure from the market: If there is huge competition in the market, the competitor is holding the same line of product with very less differentiation, then the scope growth becomes very less. The company has to struggle a lot in the market to convince the customer to buy the products of the company instead of the competitor`s. They can only do this if they do not compromise with the quality. Quality is the only factor that holds the cult customer. Oppurtunity: 1. Low manufacturing cost in international market: The company can view this as an opportunity that there are countries where in the cost of production is low because of cheap labours, low cost of land etc Levi`s Strauss gets this benefit of low production since it has 25 manufacturing plants worldwide (Groom, 2012). These manufacturing plants always produce the products at a very low rate then produced at the home market. It is as an opportunity and the number of plants should increase to have an edge over the competitors (Lake, 2015). 2. Growing casual wear market: The trend has change, the number of people wearing casual wear has increased and it is a boon to the industry. The jeans industry can play well and Levi Strauss can enlarge its market, as this is a big opportunity. Regarding this, the company can maximise its marketing and its production. The idea is to come up with new designs and styles and with different ranges so that other classes of the society can also become Levi Strauss`s customers. To attract the other customers, the company has to look after it that it has more varieties and it there should not be any compromise with the quality (Jones, 2002). 3. Acceptability in the world market: The company has products and accessories which use to be worn by the western people at some point of time but today the world has changed, people all over the globe has accepted the western apparels, they wear them with great style and happiness. Levi Strauss just has to look for more markets to sell its products (Kerin, Hartley Rudelius, 2011). Threats: 1. Fast changing trends: The world today is very dynamic and the trend is changing day by day which gives very time for everything. Less time for coming up with new designs, less time for production, less time for marketing. This scarcity of time leads to loss of production, wastage of capital in marketing. 2. Lack of property rights: In some countries there are manufactures who manufacture jeans in the name of Levi Strauss and sell them at very low rates at markets. The customer is not able to detect the quality and buys it at a low price (Kerin, Hartley Rudelius, 2013). This is very common and it has ruined the customer count of the company. The company cannot stop this because this is happening in some other country (Kerin, Hartley Rudelius, 2011). 3. Increasing competition and product substitution: As mentioned above the company is facing many challenges in the international market because of its competitors (Kotler Keller, 2009). The market is stiff as the competitors hold same products and accessories like that of Levi Strauss. The company has to look into various aspects before launching its products in the market (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). There are huge chances of big failures. Competitors: There are mainly four competitors of Levi Strauss Lee Wrangler Spykar Tommy Hilfiger Objectives to acheive sales: To develop a new ad campaign with a goal to increase brand recognition. To meet or exceed the sales target. Increase Conversion ratio of customers every month. Increase the frequency of advertisements in fashion magazines. Monitoring the competitor`s activities to learn the dynamics of the market and create defensive strategies. Increase in the distribution channel, and attaining good sales through them. Increase the number of production plant in those countries where the cost of production is low. Enhance the presence in the global market by increasing online marketing (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2009). Objectives to achieve market share: Opening new outlets at those places where the company has not entered yet. Bringing new designs in the market and keeping the customer at ease. Increase the distribution channel. Objectives to Maximise Profit: 1. All the products should meet the standards of the demand and maintain the same level of reputation in the market.2. Physically, the company should try to expand its locations.3. Internally, the organization can do restructuring whenever needed.4. Maintaining good relationship with the distributors and enhance the channel.5. Innovation can come by following the trend (Muller, Alt Michelis, 2011).6. Keep an eye at the competitors.7. Drive and implement promotional plans to retain present and attract new customers.8. The technological up gradation can help advertise the product globally (Pride Ferrell, 2010).9. Sale should expand to the existing customers.10. Develop a new customer database, which can be used for various purposes later on.11. The implementation of customer relationship management is very necessary in this industry (Tracy, 2014).12. New products is introduced in the existing market.13. There should be cost minimization and maximization of profit profit by adequate u se of resources, doing less wastage.14. Levi Strauss should highly emphasize on brand awareness because in an industry like this the product reaches people only when it`s on talk (Wilson, 2011). Marketing Strategies: A marketing strategy aims at increasing the sales and profit of the company with new strategies. These are long-term plans that a company implements in order to attain a huge goal. The strategies that a company follows in order to attain profit are well defined, profound and positive. These strategies determine whether a company can do well in the long term or not. Marketing strategies are dynamic and interactive. They may be partially planned and partially unplanned. Marketing strategy needs to take a long- term view, and tools such ascustomer life- time valuemodels can be very powerful in helping to simulate the effects of strategy on acquisition. There are various strategies that Levi Strauss can follow in order to gain it`s share in the market. It should be done keeping in mind the 4p`s namely product, place, price and promotion. Product: A product is something that satisfies the need of a customer. All the products adhere to a life cycle. It passes through various phases and riches maturity and declines at the end. Although the fashion of jeans is evergreen but the designs may get obsolete in the market. Product enhancement is what to be done to resolve the purpose. Levi`s Strauss has three sub brands under it namely Levi`s, Dockers and Levi`s Strauss signature jeans. The company has divided these products to cater the needs of the market. The three brands comprises of many products. These brands include accessories, brands, sunglasses, belts, wallets, ladies bags and jackets. Place: Levi Strauss decides the channel of it distribution according to the products. Whole sellers are mostly preferred. There are more than 110 countries in the world where the Levi`s products are distributed. The market share is actually qualitatively high. Price: Price is an important factor for all the products. It tells how much value does a customer makes of a product. Levi Strauss has different prices at different markets. In all the Asian markets, the Levi Strauss products are sold at listed prices. There are offers too at seasonal occasions. Operating at a global area the price has a big effect on the market. In Asia Levi Strauss has a niche market. It is a high than the competing brands. Since it has a big reputation in the market hence it is also a reason for pricing. Promotion :Levi Strauss is known for its very good advertising and promotions. Its advertisements on international fashion magazines and newspapers are making the product effectively popular. Levi Strauss should try promoting its product in the market where still it has not reach. Using internet as a tool for marketing has taken them to a new level. The sales office, distribution level, promotions and offers at malls also contribute to its promotions. Conclusion: In the report we studied the integrated marketing communication of Levi Strauss and its impact on competitiveness. The study is done meticulously and very precisely on the marketing strategies of the company. Keeping in mind the 4P`s of marketing. A SWOT analysis has also been done to study the current market scenario and learn about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats that the company hold. There are many scope for many development in the company both internally and externally by doing a deep study on these factors. The market is very stiff but the scope of rising does not fades away. References: Aldridge, A. (2005).The market. Cambridge: Polity. Baines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K. (2008).Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Breward, C. (2003).Fashion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Elliott, G., Rundle-Thiele, S. and Waller, D. (2012).Marketing. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Etzel, M., Walker, B. and Stanton, W. (2007).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Groom, G. (2012).Impressionism, fashion, modernity. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago. insider, b. (2015). . Jones, R. (2002).The apparel industry. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. and Rudelius, W. (2011).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. and Rudelius, W. (2011).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. and Rudelius, W. (2013).Marketing. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2009).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2009).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lake, L. (2015).Beginner's Guide to Integrated Marketing Communication. [online] About.com Money. Available at: https://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Lamb, C., Hair, J. and McDaniel, C. (2009).Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Mindtools.com, (2015).The Marketing Mix and 4 Ps: Understanding How to Position Your Market Offering. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Muller, J., Alt, F. and Michelis, D. (2011).Pervasive advertising. London: Springer. Potter, N. (2012).The library marketing toolkit. London: Facet Publishing. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (2010).Marketing. Australia: South Western Cengage Learning. Tracy, B. (2014).Marketing. New York: AMACOM. Wilson, R. (2011).Fashion industry. New York, NY: Rosen Central.

Why are jails overcrowded an Example by

Why are jails overcrowded? What is being done to alleviate the problem? Jail! the four lettered word always stirs up a pattern of rare, pessimistic and negative , thoughts in ones mind. What is it about this word that automatically leads our minds to react in this manner? A jail is any place in which a person is confined but, the modern definition of jail defines it as any institution that holds the person who has carried out any illegal act as a prisoner in its custody. Through the broad horizon of thought one can perceive jail as a place of imprisonment, be it the imprisonment of any kind. Even the famous fictional Harry Potter saga has not given a four -walled cellular place for the definition of jail, rather it has invented a place where one is kept under the strict surveillance of the creatures called dementors who do not give you any physical punishments but its the mental torture that makes the person realize of his/her helplessness. So be it fiction or reality a jail is definitely a place for both mental and physical imprisonment. The global netw ork of prisons is too large to be painted as a real picture but it is never impossible to capture a clear image, one that reflects the realities and facts of the worldwide state of prisons and jails. Need essay sample on "Why are jails overcrowded? What is being done to alleviate the problem?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed A jail is not only a place where one is punished for their illegal acts but also a place from where one learns to be a better citizen and realize his/her mistake(Welsh , 2008). Developing the character and personalities of the prisoners is also the foremost aim of a jail. But it has been observed worldwide that the condition of the jails and prisons has been deteriorating for the past many years. In addition to this the greatest problem that the worldwide prisons and jails have to face is the overcrowding of prisoners. This issue has been raised many times and has been highlighted through various forms as well. It has been observed that the factors contributing to the overcrowding of jail are innumerable but the most common amongst them that can be mentioned here are: increasing crime rate, flawed judicial systems (in some countries of the world), and declines in correctional spending. Increasing crime rate is not a problem that can be restricted within the boundaries of one state only its a global issue that is creating havoc in the global arena. What can be done to decrease the crime rate? For this, first, one has to highlight the reasons leading to the increase in crime rates. The most widely accepted reasons for the increase in crime rate are poverty, the lack of human rights and freedom. Mostly crime rate is found to be higher in third world countries. This is because the poverty level in these states is comparatively high as compared to the rest of the world. As one finds himself to be poor he is deprived of his basic rights and freedom which creates a sense of lacking in him and thus leads him to adopt whatever means that comes in his way, so that it is possible for him to make both the ends meet for himself and for those around him. To solve this issue countries have to work more effectively for the rectification of poverty and eradicate corruption complete ly so that the needy ones get their deserved rights and funds. Many countries have a flawed judicial system. This means that there is always the margin of corruption in the judicial system which is an insult to judiciary itself because the aim of any judicial system is to provide justice to others. Apart from corruption, some judicial systems are found to be of full of flaws because of following unorthodox laws and regulations which might be termed inappropriate in the global judicial system. So to eliminate this flaw any state has to always think beyond their customs, traditions and always be in favor of laws that fully provide basic human rights to its citizens. Allocating the funds in the rightful manner is always a great challenge for the government of any state. One big reason that contributes to the overcrowding of jail is corruption in this area as well. If the required amount of funds is not provided to the prisons and security departments than it becomes difficult to make development in this field. Therefore corruption hinders the development in prisons as well which thus gives rise to the issue of overcrowding jails. 1.1 How did the role of the Church in corrections influence the style of punishment? Before beginning to answer this question, it is important to first identify what correction refers to. The word correction is used as euphemism for punishment, of various kinds, however primarily confined to physical punishment. The church influenced the style of punishment in a manner that is quite forgotten today. In Medieval Europe, for instance, in the form of corporal punishment, punishment was supported and in fact promoted. This was the consequently due to the attitude of the Medieval Church at that time. However, one can wonder why that is so, as most decisions or corrections or proclamations that the Church makes today, a large number of Christians do not follow them, let alone know about them. It was because the Church during those times was quite influential in Europe and in other regions that Christianity had spread to. The Medieval Church of Medieval Europe supported the corporal punishment of flagellation, which was a common means of self discipline. Flagellation, as has been witnessed being practiced by the actor Paul Bettany when he plays the character of Silas in the movie Da Vinci Code, based on a popular novel by the author Dan Brown, is in simple terms, a synonym for whipping. This practice of mortification of flesh was used for religious purposes who later took this practice to an extreme. A radical group of Christians of the 13th Century labeled themselves as Flagellants and were the pioneers of such fanaticism (Donald, 2006). It is interesting to note that such practices, due to the heavy influence of the church traveled to schools and educational establishments at quite a rapid pace. Nevertheless, it was used with much critique after this extremism and even during it. In the 11th Century, Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury spoke against the excessive use of such a punishment in trying to correct bad habits of children, or their lack of responsibility. The Flagellants were also condemned by the Catholic Church. However, such critiques, even from parts of the Church itself, did not stop the idea of graver punishments from entering into the general society. Judicial punishments increasingly became public spectacles, with public humiliations and beatings becoming the order of the day back then, even during the French Revolution. This is how the Church has impacted the punishments that are being awarded today. This can be one of the reasons why prisons such as Guantanamo Bay which is in it a dark blot on the name of Human Rights, still continues. Such practices still continue in various militaries worldwide. The Church, although at first by force, brought this in, later came to be acknowledged as part of the society. Today, various programs and campaigns against grave punishments, especially against school children, have been launched. One such campaign is the "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children" and its basic aim is to achieve full prohibition of all corporal punishment of children worldwide. The UN has also set a deadline of this year i.e. 2009, for universal prohibition. What may come depends on the collective actions taken by leaders. Leaders should specially work to prohibit its usage on children, so as to form a more humane, just and socially equitable system where punishments are not merely dictated by the earliest doctrines the Church, but strictly used where necessary i.e. in cases of convicts who have descended to the lowest imaginable levels of humanity and abhorred and condemned where unnecessary, and all such dictated by appropriate judicial systems. Describe both treatment and prevention ideologies. What are their main assumptions about criminality? How does each argue to reduce crime? Prevention ideology plays a very vital role in the treatment of the criminal behavior of a person. According to the prevention ideology a person is placed in such an environment and treatment that the part of his brain that brings out his aggressiveness learns to stay calm while its still in development (Irwin, 1992). This has to be done before the criminal mind of a person takes over. This ideology is focused at prevention at an early stage that even on an individual basis. In general terms it can be understood as the co relationship between opportunities of crime and crime itself. So in order to control the criminal side of a person it is better to reduce the opportunities which can lead a person to commit that crime. As elaborated prevention ideology is therefore one of the foremost ideologies used to reduce crime by changing the environment and opportunities that might lead a person to commit a crime. Treatment Ideology on the other hand focuses on altering the behavior of a criminal through punishment or negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs by removing an unpleasant consequence from the persons behavior when the desired behavior occurs. In the scenario of criminality negative reinforcement can be used in a way that a person is for example given a 3 months imprisonment for committing a crime. If the person manages not to commit the same crime again after being bailed or getting out free than the imprisonment was a negative reinforcement for that person which altered his behavior in a manner that he does not commit the same crime again in fear of getting imprisoned again. By using punishment in this ideology we try to eliminate the undesirable behavior from the criminal by punishing him. Punishment might work at times but it mostly creates a sense of bitterness and aggressiveness within the criminal if he is punished again and again. So it is better to make use of negative reinforcement in treatment ideology because it helps in eradicating the crime as well as keeping the criminal on the right path. So in order to reduce criminality we can always make use of the treatment and prevention ideologies as a safe route to completely remove the criminal side from a persons behavior. If adopted widely by the governments than these ideologies of criminality can prove to be a great source in helping in the removal of crime. References Welsh, Irvine. (2008). A Novel: Crime. Irwin, John. (1992). Underclass In American Societys Donald, R. (2006). Jail 4 Beginners.